The study highlights the importance of aluminum speciation in defluorination, as the hydrolysis and speciation transformation of the coagulant can vary under different raw water quality conditions, affecting its combination efficiency with fluoride and defluorination performance.

The study provides insights into improving the performance of coagulation processes for fluoride removal, such as optimizing the pH and dosage of coagulants, controlling the raw water quality, and using advanced analytical techniques to monitor the aluminum speciation and fluoride removal efficiency.

The report provides recommendations for improving WASH policies, strategies, and programs in Latin America and the Caribbean, such as strengthening governance and financing mechanisms, promoting behavior change and hygiene education, improving service delivery and infrastructure, and addressing social and environmental dimensions of WASH. The report also emphasizes the importance of monitoring and data collection to track progress and inform decision-making.